Sublevel stoping sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from different levels of elevation but is. At first, both a raise and a network of tunnels are made. In 1994, the bangladesh government signed a contract with the chinese contractor cmc china national machinery import and export corporation for the development of barapukuria coal mine at a production rate of 1 million tonne per year in 25 years mine life by underground mining method. Basic patterns of drill holes employed in opencast mines. Coal mining began in indiana in the middle 1800s using the underground mining method. This alert is to advise persons involved with the use of electric detonators in damp conditions such as in an underground coal environment where current leakage can cause a detonator to misfire. Underground mining methods and equipment for bedded deposits and ore bodies. Local conditions will form the basis for choosing the appropriate mining method.
A pdf file reader is included to view these eiectronic files on an msdos. Mineral reserves are not a subset of mineral resources. Sufficient knowledge of the mineral deposit, mining. Underhand cut and fill mining as practiced in three deep hard. Degree in mining engineering course description underground mining methods and equipment for bedded deposits and ore bodies. The primary objective of underground mining is to extract ore safely and economically while minimizing handling of waste rock. Variations on this method are practiced at different mines and within different areas of the same operation, depending upon rock quality. Mine accident, injury and illness report section a identification data approved for use through 12021 omb no. This is the safest way to mine coal and shale as it requires no blasting in a potentially explosive environment.
Underhand cut and fill mining methods are used at the lucky friday, stillwater, and galena mines in the western us in an effort to safely mine in difficult ground conditions and as a primary mining method where access below the ore is limited. In any discussion of methods of underground mining comparison, one is repeatedly confronted with the difficulty of dealing with so many variable conditions. With the passage of the surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977 congressional interest in the study of deep underground mining technology shifted. Purchase underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st edition. Underground mining techniques and risks geology for investors. Today, abandoned underground coal mines underlay extensive areas of indiana. All tunnels are excavated by drilling and blasting.
The topics open pit mining underground mining mining equipment mining operations mining methods 3. Plotmaker mining methods blackout day presentation 5 th december 2008 venkat m. Team lead minex, india slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. There are two principal phases of underground mining. Classification of underground mining methods mineral production in which all extracting operations are conducted beneath the ground surface is termed underground mining. In this method, a continuous mining machine excavates the coal and loads it onto a conveyor or shuttle car in a single step. Surface mining tt coal produced underground mining tt coal produced mining techniques contour area conventional longwall liquid effluents 0. Determining the optimum underground mining method requires. Underground mining systems mine 205 a required course for b. The choice of an underground mining method depends on a range of factors and these include.
In longwall mining, a panel of coal, typically around 150 to 300 metres wide, to 3500 metres long and 2 to 5 metres thick, is totally removed by longwall shearing machinery, which travels back and forth across the coalface. Typically, underground mine has less environmental impact. Navigating these uncertainties and arriving at a reasonable estimate of total airflow, while difficult, remains one of the most important aspects of underground mine design. Bituminous coal was first discovered in indiana along the wabash river in 1736. The backfill underground serves to keep the mine walls stable and also as the floor for mining the next slice.
Gsc alimak raise climbing equipment begins climbing up the first raise. Mining methods in underground mining second edition 2007. Jan 27, 2014 the most common mining method is longwall mining which is largely automated using a selfadvancing coal shearer including hydraulic roof supports 150250m wide 1. The method has evolved at each mine to meet the unique situations associated with their milling procedure. This book contains highquality papers from the principal mining research institutes of the usa, united kingdom, india and south africa, thus providing uptodate coverage of underground mining and technology in the main mining areas of the world.
Dec 05, 2008 plotmaker mining methods blackout day presentation 5 th december 2008 venkat m. Sublevel stoping sublevel stoping is a mining method in which. Mineral reserves are insitu, taking into account all mining recoveries, before mill or heap leach recoveries. Injuries from rockfalls in nevada underground mining operations after msha 3. Planning the underground mine on the basis of mining method. Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit andor the waste to ore ratio stripping ratio are too great to commence a surface operation. It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. Which depends on natural and geological conditions of the mineral deposit. The primary mining method used in nevada is a form of mechanized cutandfill. Underground mining systems mine 205 yi luo page 3 of 3 students are exposed to the scientific concepts, problem formulation approaches, mathematical tools, solution techniques and applicable computer software involved in designing many components of the underground mining systems.
Optimising underground mining strategies a m ebbels. Silver mining method ownership 000 tonnes gt 000 oz ag 000 tonnes gt 000 oz ag 000 tonnes gt 000 oz ag 000 tonnes gt 000 oz ag laronde underground 100% 4,436 27. This method is amenable to achieving a high rate of recovery when mining irregular ore geometries. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. Pdf mining methods underground mining mayra garcia. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds or rubies.
Underground method is used when ore body is thin or narrow and extends much below. Nov 02, 2011 underground mining, underground mining methods. Pwc open pit mining mining methods 5 open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. Effect of longwall mining on groundwater for underground. Mining industry response to the book continues to be incredible. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Despite the term continuous, the machine operates only part of the working time, because after mining advances. Access to this ore deposit is gained by tunnels or shafts.
The primary mining method used in nevada is a form of. The mining rate is greater than 20,000 tonnes per day tpd but is usually much greater. Mining is the process of excavating a material which is naturally occurring from the earth to get profit. Underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and international case studies 1. Underground method is used when ore body is thin or narrow and extends much below surface newman et al. This can be further compounded by various dump block sizes and. Tonnage amounts and contained metal amounts presented in this table have been rounded to the nearest thousand, so aggregate amounts may differ from column totals. Underground mining methods 1 foreword in history, before miners had access to productive equipment minewide, are benefiting from experience gained by tunnel and blasting agents, mining was hard and hazardous manual contractors, who frequently have to concentrate their focus work. Jul 21, 2016 underground mining is the process of extracting minerals and ores that are located too far underground to be mined efficiently using surface mining methods. Underground mining methods previous next the choice of an underground mining method depends on a range of factors and these include. In underground mining, development required to reach. Abstract underground mine scheduling decisionmaking has been based on production requirements, equipment.
Underground mining methods for coal and noncoal deposits. This paper was first presented at project evaluation conference, adelaide, south australia on 89 march 2016. Underhand cut and fill mining as practiced in three deep. Sublevel caving is usually carried out when mining of the orebody through an open pit method is no longer economically feasible. Development mining is composed of excavation almost entirely in nonvaluable waste rock in order to gain access to the orebody. Both methods are well suited to extracting the relatively flat coalbeds or coal seams typical of. It is a very lowcost, highproductivity method of mining.
At different sublevels, jumbos are used for long hole drilling, drilling directly upwards into the roof. By the early 1900s, with the development of steampowered equipment, surface mining soon became the dominant method of coal removal in the state. The annual coal report acr provides annual data on u. A typical section through a coal face is shown in fig. Mining continues upwards towards the surface until the orebody is depleted. Mining interactions actual distance from the dig or dump centroid. Next, stopes tunnels that have direct access to mining the ore are mined to gain access to the ore. The theme is mining in adverse conditions using stateoftheart technology. In the early 1900s, steam powered mining equipment became the dominant method of coal removal. Thanks in large part to the efforts by john chadwick of the mining journal, and many other members of the mining community, the hard rock miners handbook has been distributed to over 1 countries worldwide. Underground mining methods engineering fundamentals underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. Irrespective of the precise geology of the coal seam, the general approach remains similar to conventional strip mining and figure 2.
Strip mining is one of the most economical surface processes. Current leakage causes explosives to misfire in underground coal shot this alert is to advise persons involved with the use of electric detonators in damp conditions such as in an underground coal environment where current leakage can cause a detonator to misfire. Mining now proceeds underground, underneath the open pit. To name a mineral prospect an ore body requires more information than needed to establish metal grades. Underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and. The guidebook for evaluating mining project eias reflects many years of experience evaluating the environmental impact assessments eias for proposed mining projects around the world. Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st edition. Shallow, flat coal deposits are mined by surface processes, which are generally less costly per ton of coal than underground mines of similar capacity. The choice of mining method largely depends on the geology of the coal deposit. Introduction to longwall mining and subsidence ver2. Underground mining methods must be considered when the depth of a mineral deposit is such that removal of the overburden makes surface mining tech niques unprofitable or when external factors prohibit the operation of a surface mine.
Choosing a suitable underground mining method to extract a mineral deposit is very important in terms of economics, safety and productivity of mining operations. Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st. It is not an exact science and in the choice of a method each varying factor has a certain weight, which, in many cases, experience alone can determine. It set of longwall mining equipment consists of a coal shear er mounted on convey or operating. Underground mining method selection is one of the most important decisions that mining engineers have to make. This method requires less capital investment but is more labour intensive. T ypical example s of this type of mining are the larger tonna ge coal mining operations in mpumulanga. Underground mining currently accounts for a bigger share of world coal production than opencast. Studies however have shown that this can be an incredibly. The mining rate is greater than 20,000 tonnes per day tpd but is. This course provides an introduction to underground and surface mining methods and covers a broad range of topics including, but not limited to, the following. Blasting pdf files you can use in your safety training programs.
The depth, thickness, and configuration of the coal seams determine the mode of extraction. A study conducted by doig and kizil 20 showed that, in a strip mining configuration, by varying the mining block size, cycle time variations of up to 15% could be seen as shown in figure 3. Underground mining method selection by decision making. Longwall mining is a highly mechaniz ed underground mining sys tem for mining coal.
Chapter 11 mining technology the federal coal leasing amendments act of 1976 charged ota to assess the feasibility of the use of deepmining technology on leased areas. Open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. Underground hardrock mine design and planning bibliotheque et. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1.
Underground mining is the process of extracting minerals and ores that are located too far underground to be mined efficiently using surface mining methods. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron. Production plan is adopted select the class of underground method. Underground mining will be examined in this report. Once the economic feasibility has been verified, the most appropriate mining methods must be selected according to the. Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit andor the waste to ore ratio stripping ratio are. Underground mining method selection by decision making tools.